effects

# visual-effects guide Finding, making and playing visual effects (sparks, fire, smoke, magic, impacts, muzzle flashes, swarms, lightning) with the effect asset type: its entries, the graphs and parts they play, and the nodes those share; playing an entry from gameplay and from a scene, seeing it at the moments that matter, and reading what it costs. `guide.md` is the body the `guides` MCP tool and the `man` shell builtin surface.

# effect A set of visuals packaged as one thing: every impact a weapon makes, every stage of an explosion, the muzzle flash, impact and tracer of a gun. Each visual is an entry the effect plays by name. The graphs, the parts they are built from, and the shaders, materials, compute shaders and textures they use all live inside the effect. ## The shape on disk <name>.effect/ effect.yaml what it plays: entry name -> one graph, or a list of graphs played together graphs/ the graphs its entries play parts/ graphs those graphs use as nodes, each one whole piece of the look shaders/ shaders and shader modules its materials draw with materials/ compute/ compute shaders its graphs run textures/ README.md what this effect shows, what each entry plays, what each input changes .metadata settings.yaml its values for the settings below `effect.yaml`, `graphs/`, `README.md` and `.metadata` are required. ```yaml plays: flare: "~.graphs.flare" impact: - "~.graphs.impactFlash" - "~.graphs.impactDebris" default: flare ``` Inside an effect `~.x` names the effect's own `x`: `~.graphs.flare`, `~.parts.crack`, `~.shaders.lava`, wherever the effect sits. ## Post-processing it carries `post` is the post-processing the effect brings with it: bloom on a fireball, a flash of exposure, a vignette. While an entry plays, it stands as a `PostProcess` region around the effect, and goes when the play stops or finishes: ```yaml post: radius: 30 # the region, a sphere around the effect unless `shape` says box or global falloff: 5 # the distance outside it over which the stack fades out effects: - { shader: "@builtin::shaders.post.bloom", priority: 10, values: { threshold: 1.2, intensity: 0.6 } } - { shader: "@builtin::shaders.post.vignette", priority: 20, values: { intensity: 0.4 } } ``` `effects` is the region's stack and the rest its fields, as the `PostProcess` component takes them (`shape`, `radius`, `extents`, `falloff`, `priority`, `display`, `setsDisplay`). The region applies while the camera is in it, so a picture of the effect on the preview stage shows it without; `effects.capture` of the effect placed (`entity`) shows it with. ## Graphs and parts A graph under `graphs/` composes what one entry shows. A piece worth building and looking at on its own (the crack of a fissure, the spray, the smoke) is a graph under `parts/`, called as a node: ```lua local crack = g["~/parts/crack"]({ length = length }) ``` A part is a whole graph, so it previews and plays alone: the crack without the smoke in front of it. An operation several effects use (a streak look, a smoke puff) is a `.procNode` outside the effect, used the way a module is required. ## Playing one ```lua local beacons = asset.resolve("beacons", "effect") local shown = beacons:play("flare", { root = mast, offset = { 0, 0.9, 0 }, inputs = { size = 0.4 } }) shown:set("size", 0.6) shown:onFinished(function() print("done") end) ``` `root` is the entity it plays on and follows; `inputs` go to every graph of the entry that declares them; the handle answers `set`, `pause`, `resume`, `seek`, `getTime`, `stop`, `isFinished` and `onFinished`. A play finishes when every graph of its entry reaches the end of its timeline; a graph that states `realTime` alone has no end, so a play of it runs until `stop()`, and a simulation that runs once states its frames (`g:timeline({ realTime = true, frames = 120 })`). Plays are kept ready, built ahead of time: `beacons:warm("flare", 6)` keeps six ready for a burst. An `Effect` component, or a drop into the viewport, places an entry in a scene. `entries()` and `entry(name)` read what it plays; `setEntry`, `removeEntry`, `renameEntry`, `setDefault` and `newGraph` change it, keeping every line of `effect.yaml` they do not touch. ## Settings `pool`: how many plays of each entry there are, counting the ones playing (default 1). Each costs a whole play's memory, so a burst asks for more with `warm` where it is expected. ## In search Each asset inside an effect is found on its own and names the effect it belongs to. The effect itself is found by its preview, its README and its entries.

# effects The tools that play, picture and measure effects: an `.effect` asset on the preview stage, or an `Effect` placed in a scene, played where it stands. Nothing is added to the scene by a stage play, and a play in place changes none of the Effect's fields. - `play`: play an entry of an effect for a number of seconds, with inputs, and answer its profile and a picture at each time asked for. `{ effect, entry?, inputs?, seconds?, at? }` plays it on the stage; `{ entity, ... }` plays a placed `Effect` where it stands. - `capture`: pictures of an effect at moments of its graph time, every graph of the entry brought to each time and pictured together. `{ effect | entity, entry?, inputs?, times }`. - `profile`: what playing an effect costs, as one tree: the effect, its entry, each graph the entry plays, and each graph's nodes. `{ effect | entity, entry?, inputs?, seconds? }`. A single graph is played, pictured and measured by the `procgen` toolbox (`play`, `frames`, `onPresent`, `profile`).

# Package (asset type) A package is an asset — a `<Name>.package/` folder that bundles components, modules, scenes, presets, tools, and any other typed sub-assets under one identity, installed into a world as one unit. Packages are how authoring sets get distributed across worlds. A **library** is the addressable root scope content resolves under (`@builtin`, `@<name>`) — a whole world mounted into this one under a namespace, via `zeromind.installLib` / `world.installLibrary`. A package is an asset that lives inside such a root, and one library holds as many packages as its author put there. A package is installed by guid the way every asset is (`zeromind.installAsset`). ## When to use one - You're authoring a coherent feature suite (character controller stack, voxel engine, UI kit, animation library) and want to ship it as one install target. - You want a stable identity worlds can install and resolve sub-assets against (`@<lib>::pkg.sub_module`). - You want versioning + a per-package metadata layer that travels with the contents. If you're authoring inside a single world and don't need a separate install lifecycle, you don't need a package — drop your `.component` / `.module` / etc. directly in `/zero/source/`. Packages are for cross-world distribution. ## Where it lives - Source: `/zero/source/.../<Name>.package/` (or, for legacy packages, a folder containing `package.yaml` at its root). - Identity: `<Name>` (the `.package` suffix collapses in identity — mirrors `.module`). A file at `<Name>.package/<sub>/init.luau` resolves under the same identity it would at `<Name>/<sub>/init.luau`. - Folder shape (container-style — open child set): - `package.yaml`: metadata (name, version, description) and the packages it depends on (`dependencies`). **Required.** - `README.md` — instance documentation. **Required.** - `.metadata` — agent-editable tags + free-form fields. **Required.** - Sub-asset folders: any combination of `.component/`, `.module/`, `.scene/`, `.preset/`, `.tool/`, `.toolbox/`, `.material/`, `.shader/`, etc. The validator permits unlisted children (`allow_unlisted: true`) by design — packages are open containers. ## How to create one ```luau asset.create("package", "<Name>") -- Creates: /zero/source/<Name>.package/ -- package.yaml (metadata scaffold) -- README.md (instance README template) -- `folder` places it in a subfolder of /source instead of the root: asset.create("package", "<Name>", { folder = "systems" }) ``` Then scaffold sub-assets inside it: ```luau local pkg = asset.resolve("<Name>.package") asset.create("component", "Spinner", { into = pkg }) asset.create("module", "util", { into = pkg }) ``` ## `package.yaml` ```yaml name: inkBlocks # optional; the folder stem when absent version: "1.0.3" description: "Ink and paper style blocks" dependencies: - { name: starterBlocks, version: "1.0.8" } - styleKit # a bare name states no version ``` `dependencies` lists the packages this package needs. Each entry's `name` is a reference the package records, the same kind of reference a `require` or an asset name in a data file makes: - **It resolves in the author's world.** Install the dependency here first (`zeromind.installAsset`); the entry then names the copy this world holds. A push refuses a package whose dependency resolves to nothing, naming it. - **An install brings it along.** Installing the package installs every dependency it lists, at the version this world holds when the package is pushed, under `/source/deps/<owner world>/`, deduplicated against what the installing world already holds. `zeromind.preview` lists each one before anything is written, and the install's `deps` lists what it brought. Uninstalling the package leaves a dependency that another installed package still uses. - **`version` is checked, not chosen.** A stated `version` has to equal the `version` the dependency's own `package.yaml` states in this world; `asset.validate` (and so the push) refuses the package naming both when they differ. To depend on another version, install that version here. ## How it operates 1. **Registration.** Writing `package.yaml` indexes the package with the package registry. 2. **Install.** A package is read before it is installed: `zm ls-tree @<guid>` in the shell lists what it contains, and `zm show @<guid>:<path>` and `zm grep <pattern> @<guid>` read it, so candidates are compared by what they do. The one that fits is installed by guid, the way every asset is: `zeromind_install` over the engine's MCP, or `tools.use("zeromind", "installAsset", <guid>)` inside the engine. The install writes the package's files (and the deps its `.refs` record, the packages its `package.yaml` lists under `dependencies` included) into this world's source, so its sub-assets resolve here. `tools.use("zeromind", "preview", <guid>)` reports what an install would write before it writes anything. 3. **Sub-asset resolution.** Because `.package` collapses in identity, sub-asset paths work whether the package folder is suffixed (`<Name>.package/<sub>`) or not (`<Name>/<sub>`). 4. **Updates.** `tools.use("zeromind", "updates")` lists installed content with upstream changes available; re-running the install pulls them. 5. **Metadata.** `package.yaml::name` overrides the folder stem if present (rare); `version` + `description` are surfaced in the package index. 6. **Hot reload.** Edits to sub-assets hot-reload as normal; edits to `package.yaml` reload package metadata. ## Discovery - `asset.list("package")` — every registered package. - `asset.inspect("<name>")` — sub-asset catalog, source, this type README. - `ls /zero/source/<Name>.package` lists the files the folder holds. - `library.list()` — the library assets registered in this world, including the ones packages under an installed library contribute. ## Authoring conventions - Name packages by their feature (`voxels`, `cameraRigs`, `dialogSystem`), not by their owner — the host library is the `@<lib>::` scope prefix. - Cluster cohesive sub-assets together. A "character controller" package should ship the controller component, its preset configs, its supporting modules, and a demo scene — not just the component. - Document the package's surface in `README.md` — what install installs, what each sub-asset does, how they relate. Agents reading `cat /zero/source/<Name>.package/README.md` get the full picture in one shot. - Version conservatively — breaking a package means breaking every world that installed it. Use semantic version bumps. ## Common pitfalls - **Missing `package.yaml`.** Without it the folder isn't recognized as a package even if it has a `.package/` suffix. - **A dependency named only by a string the code builds.** A package whose files reach another package only through a name assembled at runtime records no reference to it, so an install arrives without it. List that package under `dependencies` in `package.yaml`. - **Identity collapse.** Sub-asset paths skip the `.package` suffix. Don't include `.package` in `require` strings. ## Referencing inside a package: the `~` rule `~` means **this package**, resolved structurally from the referring file's own location. It is the only package-specific syntax. It is rename-safe (no package name is ever written) and library-agnostic (it never names the host library, so it survives `@builtin` being renamed or the package being mounted elsewhere). `~.tail` maps to `<pkg>.package/tail` from anywhere inside the package. | Referencing from | Use | Example | |---|---|---| | An asset/module **inside this package** | `~.tail` | `require("~.modules.myThing")`, `shader: "~.shaders.myThingBlend"` | | A **different package** under the same root | root-relative identity | `require("@root::systems.otherPkg.modules.x")` | | A **different library's** public API (a deliberate external dependency) | `@otherlib::…` | `require("@physics::modules.rigidbody")` | **Never write `@builtin::` (or any host-library name) to reference your own package** — that couples the package to the library it currently lives in and breaks if the library is renamed or the files move. Use `~.`. It works from Luau `require()` and from asset-reference strings in data files (a material's `mat.yaml` `shader:` field, a component's default asset ref); the engine resolves it against the referring file's own package. `asset.resolve` takes a `~.` name the same way, against the package of the file that calls it: `asset.resolve("~.materials.myThingStandard", "material")`. `~.` is the package-relative self-reference; `@root::` is the root-relative one (the library root, or the world source tree for non-library content). The `core/requiring-modules` guide covers the root model in full. A package that ships substantial functionality should include a `.guide` asset (a `<name>.guide/guide.md` folder anywhere under the package); the `guides` tool discovers it live, so collaborators find the system the way they find built-in guides. A package's test suite reaches the shared `Test` framework through its enclosing asset: `local Test = asset.containing(__FILE__).modules.shared` (`asset.containing` returns the deepest enclosing typed asset, the `.testSuite`, not the outer `.package`). ## Related types - Any of `.component`, `.module`, `.scene`, `.preset`, `.tool`, `.toolbox`, `.material`, `.shader`, `.style`, `.service`, `.importer` — packages bundle these. ## In the Inspector Package: the name, version and description package.yaml declares, how many things the package holds and what they are, and **Open** for package.yaml. A package.yaml that does not decode is listed under Problems with the decoder's error.

# Module (asset type) A module is a reusable, stateless (or globally-stateful) Luau library that other code pulls in with `require()`. Modules are the unit of factored-out logic in a world: helpers, math libraries, format parsers, registries, shared algorithms. ## When to use one - You have logic you want to share across multiple components, services, scenes, or tools. - You have a registry, lookup table, or shared cache that callers all read from / write to. - You want a stable API surface (`M.fn`) other code can depend on. If the logic is bound to one entity, use a `.component`. If you want a named UI of fields rather than functions, use a `.preset`. ## Where it lives - Source: `/zero/source/.../<name>.module/` - Identity: the source path with `/` written as `.` and each segment's type suffix dropped — `/zero/source/demo/beats.module` is `demo.beats`, and `/zero/source/kit.package/beats.module` is `kit.beats`, the container's name kept and its `.package` suffix gone. `asset.create` returns this string, `asset.resolve(...).identity` reads it back, and the `require` forms below write it as `<identity>`. - Folder shape: - `init.luau` (or `init.lua`) — module body. **Required.** Returns a table (conventionally named `M`). - `README.md` — instance-level documentation. **Required.** - `.metadata` — agent-editable tags + free-form fields. **Required.** ## How to create one ```luau asset.create("module", "<name>") -- Creates: /zero/source/<name>.module/ -- init.luau (canonical `local M = {} … return M`) -- README.md (instance README template) -- `folder` places it in a subfolder of /source, and that subfolder -- leads the identity: `{ folder = "lib" }` produces `lib.<name>`. -- `into` authors it inside a resolved container (a package, a toolbox), -- whose own identity leads the same way: asset.create("module", "<name>", { folder = "lib" }) asset.create("module", "<name>", { into = asset.resolve("myPkg.package") }) ``` ## How it operates 1. **Registration.** Writing `init.luau` into a `.module/` folder indexes the asset and registers the module path with the resolver. 2. **Loading.** The first `require("<identity>")` runs the file's body and caches the returned table. Subsequent requires from anywhere return the **same table** — this is the shared-state lever for "module-local" registries. The body runs in an environment of the module's own: a name it declares without `local` is readable by the module's own functions and by no other script, so an export reaches its callers through the returned table and nothing else. Requiring a component's folder runs its chunk the same way, once, and its `update`, `start` and `public` stay in that environment; a component runs on an entity through `entity(id).component.add(name)`. 3. **Hot reload.** Editing the file re-runs the module body and folds what it returns into the table already loaded, so that table keeps its identity: a caller that captured it with `require` reads the new source's functions and values through the reference it already holds, and a later `require` returns that same table. A key the new source drops goes away; a key something set at runtime stays. The body's own `local`s start again from their initial values, so state that must outlive an edit lives in `modules.state()` (`guides { path: "core/scripting-and-tasks" }`). 4. **Identity resolution.** A module is reached by its `<identity>`, and where the caller lives decides which spelling of it resolves. For a module in a **world**, from a caller in that same world — another module, a component, a scene entrypoint, or an `execute` chunk: - `require("<identity>")` — the identity on its own, resolved against the caller's own root. It carries every folder segment, so a module created with `{ folder = "demo" }` is `require("demo.beats")`. - `require("@root::<identity>")` — the same root-relative resolution, written out. - `require(".sibling")` — a module in the same folder, by its bare name; `..name` steps up one folder, `...name` two. Logs, stack traces and hot-reload notices name that same module `@local.source.<identity>` — its key under the world source root. The `<identity>` tail of that key is the form above, so a trace reading `@local.source.demo.beats` is `require("demo.beats")`. For a module in a **library** — content under `/zero/source/libs/@<lib>/` — `@<lib>::` addresses that library's root from anywhere: `require("@builtin::modules.transform")`. Mounting a world as a library moves its files under such a root and flips the caller root to `@<lib>::`, which is what keeps the root-relative forms above resolving across the move. ## Discovery - `asset.list("module")` — every registered module. - `asset.inspect("<name>")` — public functions, source path, this type README. - `ls /zero/source/<name>.module` lists the files the folder holds. ## Authoring conventions - Return a single `M` table from `init.luau`. Top-level statements with side effects run on first require — useful for one-time initialization, dangerous if they touch the engine before it's ready. - Write exported functions as `typed function`, not `function`: the argument types are enforced at the call and the checker knows the signature, so a caller's mistake is reported where they made it. - Annotate exported functions with `--!desc` / `--!arg` / `--!return` / `--!example` so the LSP, `tools.list`, and `asset.inspect` surface them. A function with no `--!desc` is reachable only by someone already reading this file. - Declare a VALUE with `Field.<kind>(default, mode, description)`, and a table whose members are reached through a metatable with `--!members <TypeName>` — the latter gives the surface its accepted member set, its type, and its documentation from one table. See `guides { path: "core/authoring" }` for all four rules and `modules/api/engine/entity.module/members.module` for a worked member table. - Keep module state in module-local upvalues or in `modules.state()`. A name the body declares without `local` lives in the module's environment, which every run of the module shares: a function the previous run left in place reads what the reload assigned. Module-locals start again from their initial values with each hot reload; the table `modules.state()` returns is the same table on both sides of every reload. - Prefer focused modules over kitchen-sink modules. If two halves of a module have no shared state, split them. ## Common pitfalls - **Cyclic requires.** A `require` chain that loops will return the partial table (the half built before the cycle was detected). Design for one-way dependencies. - **Engine-time side effects.** Don't `entity.spawn` at module top-level — the engine may not be ready. Expose an `M.init` and call it from a scene entrypoint. - **Hot-reload + module-local cache.** A module that caches expensive computation in upvalues loses that cache on reload — fine for dev, but be aware in performance work. - **`init.lua` vs `init.luau`.** Either works, `.luau` is canonical. - **Writing one while play runs.** A `/source` write made while play is running lands on the play shadow, and a guarded play-exit discards it unless it is kept. One `.module` write shadows `init.luau`, the `README.md` and the `.metadata` together. `vfs.write(path, bytes, { durable = true })` skips the shadow, and `vfs.promotePlayShadow` keeps what is already on it — the `core/vfs` guide has the model and what each route costs. ## Related types - `.component` — for entity-bound state + lifecycle hooks. - `.service` — generates content you don't have yet (a mesh, sound, texture, …) via a metered provider. - `.tool` — for a single agent-callable function with a YAML schema. - `.package` — to group several modules + components + scenes into one shippable folder. ## In the Inspector Exports: what the module exports (name, kind, signature), parsed from its source without running it, with **Check** (the LSP's diagnostics for its entry file) and **Open**.

# guide A guide is a single-file documentation asset: a `<name>.guide/` folder whose body is `guide.md`, surfaced through the `guides` MCP tool, the `man` shell builtin and the Docs panel. Drop one anywhere under `/zero/source/`, a `.package` included, and it shows beside the built-in guides. ## Linking guides together A markdown link in a guide is followed when it is clicked in the Docs panel: `[Bindings](controls-guide)` opens another guide by any name `guides read` takes, `[Slots](#save-slots)` a heading of the same guide (its text in lower case, punctuation removed, spaces turned into `-`), `[Slots](save-kit#save-slots)` a heading of another, and `[the module](../saveKit.module)` a file or asset, relative to the guide's own folder. A link the panel cannot follow says why above the guide. ## In the Inspector Guide: the guide's word count, its headings, and **Open in Docs**, which opens it in the Docs panel.

# Effect Plays one entry of an effect on its entity. Every graph the entry holds runs on a Generator under this entity, from the same moment, each given the inputs it declares; the entity's transform is where the effect stands, and it moves with the entity. `effectRef:play` hands these out from gameplay; one placed in a scene, or dropped into the viewport, plays the same way. ## Fields | Field | What it does | |-------|--------------| | `effect` | The effect this plays. | | `entry` | The entry it plays, as the effect's `effect.yaml` lists it under `plays`; empty plays the effect's default. | | `inputs` | Values for the entry's inputs, by input name; an input left out takes its default. A name no graph of the entry declares is refused, naming the inputs it does take. | | `playOn` | What starts it in play mode: `load` plays as soon as it binds, `manual` waits for `play()`. In edit mode an Effect is not set to play, whatever `playOn` says: it shows the frame it is on until it is played. | | `ending` | At the end of its timeline: `graph` does what the timeline declares, `loop` plays it round again, `hold` stays on the last frame. | | `speed` | How fast it plays: 1 its own rate, 0 still, negative backwards through a timeline with an end. | ## Methods and events `play()` plays the entry from its start; `pause()`, `resume()`, `seek(seconds)` and `stop()` drive it, and `stop()` also takes what it shows away. `set(input, value)` changes one input. `getTime()` and `isFinished()` read where it stands, `isPrepared()` whether its graphs have done the work its first frame needs (every frame of a timeline with an end cooked, one with no end on the device), and `playback()` what it costs: the entry's combined numbers, and each graph's own `playback()` under `graphs`. `onFinished` fires when every graph of the entry has reached the end of its timeline. ## From gameplay A shot, a hit or an explosion is a play of an effect's entry, from the effect itself; it is kept ready and goes back to be played again when it finishes: ```lua local beacons = asset.resolve("beacons", "effect") beacons:play("flare", { root = mast, offset = { 0, 0.9, 0 }, inputs = { size = 0.4 } }) ```

# effect shared What the effect type and its Effect component share: which of an entry's graphs takes each input, and the plays `effectRef:play` hands out and keeps to play again.

# assetType (asset type) An asset type says what a kind of asset is: the files an asset of the kind is made of, the code that gives it behaviour, the interface a person uses to work with it, and how it is found, pictured and checked. A `<typename>.assetType/` folder declares a type called `<typename>`, and every `<name>.<typename>/` folder is an asset of it. `assetType` is itself a type, so a type is an asset like any other: it is created, versioned, installed and contributed the same way. ## Making a type `asset.create("assetType", "<typename>")` scaffolds a type. The type registers the moment its folder is written, anywhere under `/zero/source/`, and from then on `<name>.<typename>/` folders are its assets. An asset of a type that is not registered yet is not an asset, so make the type first. A type folder is a root: `~.x` in any file inside it names the type's own `x`, wherever the type is installed. Keep the type's whole implementation inside its folder and reach it that way. What a type folder must hold is set by this type's own `type.yaml`, the same way every type's `type.yaml` sets what its assets hold. `asset.validate` on a type reports anything missing, and the scaffold produces a folder that passes. ## What sets your type's schema (`type.yaml`) `type.yaml` is the structural contract every asset of the type is checked against. The keys below are the ones the engine reads; a key not listed here is ignored. | Key | What it controls | |---|---| | `suffix` | The folder suffix of the type's assets. Defaults to `.<typename>`. | | `primary` | The file or files that are the asset's content: what the asset resolves to when it is used. | | `entry_files`, `primary_aliases` | Further files that load as the asset or share its identity. | | `is_container` | Whether the suffix stays in the identities of what the asset holds. | | `is_opaque_walker` | Whether a walk of the tree stops at the asset and registers only its primary. | | `plural_dir`, `classify_exts` | Loose files in a folder of this name, or with these extensions, are assets of the type. | | `is_text_default` | Whether the asset's files are text unless stated otherwise. | | `broadcasts_subassets` | Whether assets nested inside an asset of the type are found by their own short name. | | `root` | `true` makes every asset of the type a root, so `~.x` inside one names that asset's own `x`. | | `contract_ref: { field, category }` | A key of the primary file that names another asset the asset is built on. | | `files: { required, optional }` | The files an asset holds (below). | | `allow_unlisted` | `false` reports every file the type does not declare. | | `aliases_from: [{ file, key }]` | Further names an asset answers to, read from its own files. | | `settings:` | Typed per-asset settings (below). | | `inspector:` | The interface people use for the type and its assets (below). | | `preview:` | How an asset is pictured (below). | | `references:` | Names of other assets the type's files carry (below). | | `indexing:` | What search reads for each asset (below). | | `describe:` | How a missing description is generated (below). | ### The files an asset holds Each entry under `files.required` or `files.optional` is `{ path, kind: file | folder, one_of_group?, content? }`. `*` in a path matches within one segment. Entries that share a `one_of_group` are satisfied by any one of them. `content` lists checks on the file's bytes: | Check | Passes when | |---|---| | `non_empty` | the file has content | | `json_field { key, type?, non_empty?, accept? }` | the JSON holds the key (a dotted path) with that shape | | `yaml_field { key, type?, non_empty?, accept? }` | the same for YAML | | `described { keys?, headings?, message? }` | the file says what the asset is (see "Ask your assets to say what they are") | Each check takes a `message`, which is what the author is told when it fails. ### Settings `settings: { values, schema: { type | instance, export? } }` gives every asset typed settings. `values` names the file an asset's values live in; `schema.type` declares one schema for the whole type, and `schema.instance` names a file each asset declares its own in. `asset.create` writes the resolved values, and a write to the values file reaches `onChange` with what changed. ## The human side (`inspector.luau`) A type is used by people through its Inspector, and without one the type is usable only from code. The Inspector is the type's interface for a person: for a procedural graph it is the graph editor, for a kit it is the tracking view of what the kit holds and what is still missing. Writing it is part of writing the type. `inspector: { type, instance? }` in `type.yaml` names the files. `type` is the interface for the type itself and for its assets; `instance` names a file an asset may ship to add its own. Each returns: ```luau return { sections = { { id = "graph", title = "Graph", build = function(ctx) ... end } }, replace = { contents = { ... } }, -- replace a default section by id order = { "graph", "contents" }, -- section order } ``` `build(ctx)` receives the asset and builds the section. A section's `title`, and the text its rows carry, is a string or an `i18n.text` value read from a catalog (`i18n.text("inspectors.mesh.title")`), which follows the editor's language. `asset.create("assetType", ...)` scaffolds a working `inspector.luau` to start from. `asset.validate` on a type that names no inspector, or names one that does not load, reports it. ## Say what your type is for (`about.yaml`) Every type carries an `about.yaml` that says what the type is for, in three plain-language texts: ```yaml intent: "Sets the typeface of the text in your game: UI, labels, signs and 3D lettering." function: "A font, from a TTF, OTF or WOFF file, made available to all of Zero's text, including 3D text." usage: "You choose it by name for your UI or your text, and the text appears in that typeface." ``` - **`intent`** is what the type is for in someone's game, in the words a game maker uses. Up to 800 bytes. - **`function`** is how it works today: what an asset of it is made of and what the engine does with it. Up to 1500 bytes. - **`usage`** is what a person or an agent does with one. Up to 1200 bytes. Write about the type as a whole, not one asset of it, and say what it does now. Agents read these texts to learn when to reach for the type and how; people searching find the type by them. The scaffold starts each text with `[[describe]]` and a note on what to write; a text that still starts that way counts as not written. `services describe` can write them. They show up in `asset.inspect` as `detail.about`, in `assetTypeRef:getAbout()`, at the end of the type's `types/<typename>` guide, and at the top of the type's Inspector. ## Ask your assets to say what they are A type can require each asset to carry a description: a file, written by the author or generated, saying what the asset is and what it is for. Declare it with a `described` check: ```yaml files: required: - path: "README.md" kind: "file" content: - { check: "described", message: "Say what this widget is for and where it goes." } ``` A file that is missing, empty or still has a line starting with `[[describe]]` fails the check, and so does a YAML file whose named `keys` are missing or over their `max_bytes`, or a Markdown file missing a named heading. `asset.validate` names the asset, and a push that carries it is refused with `message`. `services describe` finds such assets and writes their descriptions. `describe:` steers what is generated: ```yaml describe: guidance: "Say what the widget shows, what input it reacts to, and where it fits in a UI." examples: - "<identity of an asset of this type whose description reads well>" ``` An example is an asset of your type whose description is a true, written one, never a placeholder and never the asset being described; with none, leave `examples` empty. A type whose assets the model cannot perceive (a sound, a motion) says so in `guidance`, and the description is drawn only from what the asset's own files state. Start the file unwritten in your `template/`: a heading and one line starting with `[[describe]]`, never example content, which every new asset would carry verbatim. A type whose assets say what they are through their own content (a mesh, a texture) declares no check. ## The type's code (`behavior.luau`) `behavior.luau` returns one table. These are the keys the engine reads from it; anything else on the table is the type's own. ### What the type's assets can do | Key | Shape | What the engine does with it | |---|---|---| | `ref` | `{ [name] = function(self, ...) }` | Every function becomes a method on every asset of the type: `ref:name(...)`. | | `modules` | `{ [name] = require(".x") }` | Code the type's assets reach with `asset.containing(__FILE__).modules.<name>`. | | `events` | an events schema | Events an asset fires. Readers subscribe through `ref.events.<name>:connect(...)`; the type fires them. | | `refShapes` | `{ [method] = function(self) -> (typeExpr, source?) }` | The result type of a `ref` method for one particular asset (below). | | `namePattern` | a Lua pattern | The names `asset.create` accepts for the type's assets. Default `^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*$`. | | `derive` | `{ output, module, compute, fingerprint, matches?, required?, timeout? }` | A file computed from the asset when it is committed; a `required` one holds the commit until it lands. | Some `ref` names mean the same for every type, and the engine calls them: - **`instantiate(self, target?, opts?) -> (root, idMap)`**: puts the asset in a scene. Defining it is what makes the type scene-instantiable. Its return is a contract (below). - **`inspect(self) -> detail`**: what `asset.inspect` reports for the asset beyond the common record (below). - **`preview(self, opts)`**: renders the asset's picture; it wins over the type's `preview:` recipe. - **`previewMaterial(self) -> { material }`**: the material a `surface` preview paints. - **`saveDefinition(self)`**: writes the asset's in-memory edits back to its files in edit mode. Some names are answered for every asset before the type is asked, so a `ref` entry of the same name is never reached: `getSource`, `getBytes`, `getText`, `exists`, `deps`, `canInstantiate`, `canPreview`, `preview` (which calls yours when you define one), `meta`, `runtime`, `events`, `typeRef`, `modules`, and the residency flags `has_backing_asset`, `has_runtime_changes`, `cpu_resident`, `gpu_resident`. ### When the engine calls the type | Hook | Signature | When it runs | |---|---|---| | `onCreate` | `(name, opts) -> { [path] = contents }` | On `asset.create`. Returns the files of the new asset, laid over the type's `template/`. Annotate `opts`: its type is the schema `asset.create` checks the caller's arguments against. A `""` key writes a single loose file. | | `onReplace` | `(dest, files) -> files` | On an `asset.create` over an asset already at `dest`, after `onCreate`, so what the author added can be carried into the replacement. | | `onRegister` | `(self)` | Once per asset, when it first registers: when the world loads, on a live `asset.create`, and when an asset arrives later (installed, pulled, synced). This is what makes an asset take effect the moment it is written. | | `onChange` | `(ref, change)` | On every write to a file inside an asset of the type. `change` is `{ path, asset, type, kind, origin }`, plus `settings` and `settingsChanged` for a write to the settings values file; `kind` is `edited` or `seeded`, `origin` is `local` or `remote`. Filter on `change.path`. Writes to one asset arrive in order, each after the hook for the one before has finished, and the hook may wait on what it reads. A write the hook makes inside its own asset arrives later like any other, so keep the hook convergent. | | `onDependencyChange` | `(ref, change)` | When a module the asset's code requires is re-run, or a name the asset carries starts resolving. `change.kind` is `dependency`. | | `onDelete` | `(ref)` | When an asset of the type leaves the world: deleted, or the world it is in is swapped away. | | `validate` | `(ref) -> { { code, message, severity?, path? } }` | On `asset.validate`, after the `type.yaml` checks, for the type's own rules. `severity` defaults to `error`. Runs on every push, so a type's rules hold at publish. A hook that fails reports `validate.hook_failed`. | ### Settings hooks | Hook | When it runs | |---|---| | `settingsDefaults(name, opts, asked) -> table` | Once per `asset.create`, for values the schema's defaults do not give. | | `settingsCorrections(values, name, opts) -> (corrections?, reasons?)` | On every settings write. A correction to a field the writer named refuses the write, giving the reason. | | `settingsDerivedDefaults(values, explicit, changed)` | On a settings write, for fields derived from others. | | `normalizeSettings(values, stored?)` | On every read and write, to map an earlier spelling of a field to the current one. | | `settingsHealed(values, stored)` | On a read, to repair stored values. | | `settingsSchemaProblem(schema, ref) -> string?` | When an asset's own schema is read; a returned string refuses the schema. | `creationInputs` (`{ [opt] = true | selectorOpt }`) names `asset.create` options that are inputs to the type rather than settings. ### Reloading An edit to `behavior.luau` reaches existing assets with no restart. ## How an asset is pictured (`preview:`) | `kind` | The picture is | The type provides | |---|---|---| | `instantiate` | the asset placed in the preview studio through its `instantiate` | `ref.instantiate` | | `image` | a file the asset holds, fitted to the frame | `source: { files }`, the candidate files in order | | `surface` | the asset painted on a mesh | `mesh`, and `ref.previewMaterial` | | `custom` | whatever `ref.preview` returns | `ref.preview` | ```yaml preview: kind: surface mesh: sphere ``` `angle: [yaw, pitch]` turns the camera. The studio owns the light, the backdrop and the framing, so an asset pictures the same in every world. A type with no `preview:` that defines `instantiate` still answers `ref:preview()`. A picture is rendered when something asks to view it (the editor showing the asset, `ref:preview()`), when previews are generated on request (`assets.generatePreviews`), and when the asset is staged. An edit alone renders nothing. The picture records what it was made from, so a stale one is told from a current one. ## The names your type's assets hold (`references:`) Where your type's own format or API carries the name of another asset, declare it here: ```yaml references: keys: # a top-level key of the type's files that holds a name, or a table of them - { key: "shader", type: "shader" } args: # an argument of a call, counting from 1 - { call: "g:node", position: 2, type: "procNode" } fields: # a field of the options table a call takes - { call: "fx.beam", field: "material", type: "material" } ``` `type` is the category the name resolves in. `asset.declareReferenceKey`, `asset.declareReferenceArg` and `asset.declareReferenceField` declare the same from a script. ## What search reads (`indexing:`) `indexing:` is how assets are found. Search reaches an asset only through what its type's `indexing:` names, and adds nothing of its own. That includes you: an asset indexed badly is one you cannot find later, when you are making something else and need it. A type whose assets are never looked for says `indexing: none`. ```yaml indexing: data: # text, read from the asset's files - role: identity extractor: verbatim source: { file: "README.md" } - role: interface extractor: symbols source: { files: ["init.luau"] } - role: implementation extractor: verbatim source: { files: ["init.luau"] } content: # the picture - role: identity modality: image source: { file: "preview.png" } facets: # what a query filters and re-ranks by file: ".metadata" rigged: { type: bool, from: { components: { contains: SkinnedModel } } } roughness: { type: number, filter: range, from: { file: "mat.yaml", field: "floats.roughness" } } ``` **Roles.** Each `data` and `content` entry has a `role`, and a query matches in two slots: - **`identity`**: what an asset is. For anything you look at, the picture; for anything else, the text that says what it is. - **`capability`**: what it does and how it is made. `interface` (the signatures or shape a caller uses) and `implementation` (the body) both count as capability, and a type with code usually declares both. Ask what a person would recognise an asset of the type by, and what it does, and point each role at the file that says it. For text, that is the asset's description: the file your template starts with a `[[describe]]` block, which the author writes or `services describe` fills in (see "Ask your assets to say what they are"). **`data`.** `extractor: verbatim` embeds a file's text as it is; `symbols` embeds the declared signatures of code. `source` is `{ file }` or `{ files: [...] }`. Never index a file name (`source: { field: name }`): one or two words carry nothing to match. **`content`.** `modality: image` embeds the picture itself, so a text query matches what the asset looks like. A type whose assets are looked at makes the picture its identity. **`facets`.** What a query narrows and re-ranks the matches by. `file` is embedded whole, so keys nobody declared in it are still found. Each further key is computed for every asset and states a value for every one, including `false`: a file can imply "not rigged" but never say it, and a query separates rigged from unrigged only because the unrigged ones say `rigged: false`. A key is `{ type: bool | number | enum, filter?: range, from }`, where `from` is `{ file, field }` (a field of one of the asset's files, dotted for nesting), `{ metadata: key }`, or `{ components: { contains | any_outside } }` (what the asset's entities carry). ## What blocks a push A push checks every asset it carries against its type. These refuse it: - a required file that is missing, a `content` check that fails, a `described` file not written yet; - an error from the type's `validate`. Unlisted files and warnings do not. A `described` file blocks only a push that changes the asset. When a push is refused, the message names each asset and what it lacks. `world.publishBlockers()` and `zm status` read the same list without pushing. ## Typing a result from the asset (`refShapes`) A `ref` method whose result depends on the asset (one entry per child folder, per row of a config, per control a map declares) can only be annotated as `{ [string]: Thing }`, which accepts any key. `refShapes` states the result for each asset instead: a function returning a Luau type expression for that asset, and the module whose types the expression uses. Read the asset; never run it. ```lua -- inputMap.assetType/behavior.luau M.refShapes = { activate = function(self): (string, string) local names = {} for _, control in ipairs(M.ref.controls(self)) do table.insert(names, control.name .. ": Handle") end if #names == 0 then return "", "" end return "{ " .. table.concat(names, ", ") .. " }", "@builtin::modules.zinput.scheme" end, } ``` With it, `map.jump:onPressed(fn)` is checked and `map.noexisting` is reported. A per-asset type applies where the call site names which asset: a component field whose default names it, or an annotation `AssetRef<"inputMap", "<identity>">`. `asset.resolve(name, category)` carries only the category, and a name computed at runtime carries nothing, so calls on those keep the declared return. The type belongs to the call's result: index it there, or bind what you need from it there, and the names stay checked. `require("@builtin::assetTypes.assetType.shared.refShapes").published()` shows what was published: `categories` (each type's method surface) and `returns` (per-asset results by identity, then method). An identity missing from `returns` was never published. Results are recomputed when an asset is written; at most 64 assets of one type are read. ## Putting an asset in a scene (`ref.instantiate`) A caller writes one piece of code against every instantiable type, so what `instantiate` returns is fixed: ```lua local Instantiable = require("@builtin::assetTypes.assetType.shared.instantiable") M.ref = { instantiate = function(self, target, opts) local root = Instantiable.root(self, target, opts) -- compose the asset under `root`, now return Instantiable.result(self, root, idMap) end, } ``` **In.** `target` is the entity the asset lands under, or onto for a hierarchy type; with none, the type spawns a new root. `position`, `rotation` (three numbers in degrees, or a quaternion), `scale`, `name` and `temporary` mean the same for every type: `Instantiable.root` applies them to a root you make, `Instantiable.place` to one you adopt. Document any options of your own in the hook's `--!arg` docs. **Out.** `(root, idMap)`. `root` is the composed root, live when you return: build synchronously, never defer to a component's `awake`. `idMap` maps each original id to the spawned one, so a component that composes the asset again on every load can pass it back in and keep references into the composition. Every call goes through `Instantiable.result`, which refuses a root that is not live and turns a missing `idMap` into `{}`. ## Inspecting an asset (`ref.inspect`) `asset.inspect(ref)` builds a record every asset shares (`identity`, `name`, `guid`, `source`, `typeName`, `typeDefinitionPath`, `scope`, `origin`, `description`, `tags`), then calls `ref.inspect(self)` for the type's own `detail`: ```lua M.ref = { inspect = function(self) -- read the asset's own files, never runtime state: inspect works on an asset -- that has not been compiled, uploaded or registered return { --[[ what makes this asset what it is ]] } end, } ``` Without it, the record is the shared part alone, and an agent inspecting the asset learns nothing of what it is. A hook that raises leaves `detail` empty and sets `record.warning`. ## Discovery - `asset.list("assetType")`: every registered type. - `asset.inspect("<typename>")`: the type, its README and its `about.yaml` texts. - `asset.resolve("<typename>", "assetType")`: the type itself.

# toolbox (asset type) A toolbox is an asset grouping set of `<tool>.tool` assets around one area of work. Each tool in it becomes callable under the toolbox `<toolbox>.<tool>`, and is a shell command, `zero <toolbox> <tool> <args>`; `guides core/tools`, "A tool's command line", covers its flags, paths, `render.luau` and exit status. ## When to group tools together When creating tools for the engine, a common theme should be identified and and a toolbox created to house them, this allows each individual operation to be easily accessible instead of being scattered in a million places. ## Sharing functionality between tools A toolbox features ability to define functions that code inside each individual tool inside it can access, this is usefull when establishing helpers etc so you dont have to duplicate code for each new tool you write. A `shared.module` inside the toolbox root is where this code lives, each tool inside a toolbox can access its functions by requiring it with `require(".shared")`. ```luau -- <toolbox>.toolbox/shared.module/init.luau local M = {} -- One step a tool reports in its result. export type Step = { name: string, ok: boolean, detail: string? } --!desc Check that a numeric argument lies within bounds. --!arg arg The argument's name, for the error. --!arg value The value passed. --!arg min The lowest value allowed. --!arg max The highest value allowed. --!return The value; raises naming the argument and the range when it lies outside. --!example "count", 12, 1, 100 typed function M.range(arg: string, value: number, min: number, max: number): number if value < min or value > max then error(string.format("%s must be between %s and %s, got %s", arg, tostring(min), tostring(max), tostring(value))) end return value end --!desc A byte count as a readable size. --!arg bytes The count. --!return The size in B, KB, MB or GB. --!example 2681107 typed function M.size(bytes: number): string local units = { "B", "KB", "MB", "GB" } local i = 1 while bytes >= 1024 and i < #units do bytes /= 1024 i += 1 end return if i == 1 then string.format("%d %s", bytes, units[i]) else string.format("%.1f %s", bytes, units[i]) end --!desc A step for a tool's result. --!arg name What the step did. --!arg ok Whether it succeeded. --!arg detail What happened, when there is more to say. --!return The step. --!example "copy textures", true typed function M.step(name: string, ok: boolean, detail: string?): Step return { name = name, ok = ok, detail = detail } end --!desc The asset of `kind` that a caller named, looked up by that name. --!arg kind The asset type to look in. --!arg name The name the caller passed. --!return The asset; raises naming the kind and name when nothing matches. --!example "material", "gold" typed function M.named(kind: string, name: string): AssetRef local ref = asset.tryResolve(name, kind) if ref == nil then error(string.format("no %s named '%s'", kind, name)) end return ref end return M ``` This shared code should be limited to being used by the tools inside it, dont put general functionality you might need otuside the toolbox into its shared module. Instead reference those in the shared module should you wish to utilize something. A benefit the shared module shares with the tools own code is that it allows the author to write code that has computed references, meaning eg resolving an asset from a computed variable `asset.resolve(<type>,name)` that is normally not allowed in other parts of the engine surface, due to said references not being recorded. This is usefully for utilizing tools to handle operations that are called by users/agents and are dynamic in nature, such as finding/inspecting/testing assets, or content based on an input etc. When writing a shared module, you should follow standard module practices, please see `module.assetType` readme.md for more indepth information. ## Describing the toolbox When writing the readme for your toolbox, ensure you focus on the overall area what the toolbox focuses on, rather than listing individual tools inside it, discovery surfcaces already group tools and toolboxes together so a toolbox can be discoverd by the tools it hosts and doesnt require separately maintaining a list of the tools in it's readme. ## What are tools and when do i create ones? Tools are typed operations with a known serialized output format, made to enable efficient operation in the engine and provide an easily callable interface for operations around a topic. They are also useful in that they can be called from a multitude of surfaces, from `execute`, to `bash` to `tool_exec` to users Tools portion in the edui. A toolbox and its tools differ from eg a module that has multiple callable functionm in that they might return anything, and come with no guarantee that the output is meant to be inspected directly, where as tools are meant to perform an self contained operation and return results/info/relevant data in a readable format, including eg. image data. Whenever you identify an operation that requires specific orchestration and or is something that could be a repeated operation and makes it easier to manage the project/task or when you want to expose logic written in `luau` to the other call surfaces like `bash` under its `zero` command,you should reach for creating a toolbox. Toolboxes also come in handy for limiting control/inputs, exposing a limited set of functionality in a clean manner or ensuring the caller doesnt have to understand the entire code. For comparison, you could think of toolboxes as programs, and the tools inside them as commands. A package might contain tens of tousands of lines of code, dozens of modules, components etc, a toolbox turns that surface into a system that any agent/user can then utilize without having to read or understand the code inside. Its the UI equilevant to operations. For the indepth explanation of what `tool.assetType` is and does, read it's readme.

# proc Code-authored, graph-backed procedural generation for the Zero engine. A graph is one function of `g`: `proc.define(function(g) ... end)`. Nodes are called by family and name (`g.<family>.<name>({ ... })`), inputs are declared with `g:input(name, default, opts)`, the returned table is the graph's outputs, and `io.output` is how the graph stands in the world. `builder.module/README.md` holds every rule of that form. This module owns the whole procedural model: the graph builder + data model, the operation registry, the type system, the lazy cached evaluator, deterministic scoped hashing, and the node-family op implementations. Authored `.procGraph` graphs are persisted via `procGraph.assetType`; the `procgen.preview` / `procgen.spawn` operations live in `procgen.toolbox` and are invoked as tools: `tools.use("procgen", "preview", args)` from a script or an agent's `tool_exec` script, or `zero procgen preview` in the shell. Generated meshes/materials/textures/bundles are persisted through their own `.assetType`. An op family can also come from outside this package: a `.procPack` asset registers its ops in the same registry, called as `g.op.<id>(...)` exactly like the ones shipped here (`proc.registerPack(name, ops)` is what it registers through, and what a test or a tool calls to hold a family for the life of one VM). `terrain.*` is one such pack, shipped in `terrainSystem.package/procPacks/` and covering a whole landscape; `guides { path = "systems/terrainSystem/documentation/terrain" }` is its guide. To find out what the registry holds, use the `procgen` toolbox: `searchNodes` searches it and `describeNode` describes one node or op. `proc.search_ops(query)` and `proc.schema(id)` are the same answers in-process, for a graph builder looking something up while it runs.

# procgen.toolbox shared Cross-tool helpers for the procgen toolbox. Tools return their raw values (the `tool.assetType` wrapper packages them into the system `ZmToolResult` envelope) and raise via `error(message)` on failure.

# Component (asset type) A component is a reusable behavior + data unit attached to an entity. The component file declares public fields, methods, and lifecycle callbacks; the engine instantiates one per attachment and drives its hooks every frame. Components are the primary unit of gameplay code — movement, AI, animations, UI panels, network sync, and per-entity state all live here. ## When to use one - You need per-entity state that survives across frames. - You need per-entity behavior driven by engine lifecycle hooks (`start`, `update`, `onDestroy`). - You want to expose configurable fields to designers / `entity.spawn` callers / scenes without code changes. If you need a stateless pure-function library, use a `.module`. If you need to generate content declaratively, use a `.service`; compute work belongs in a `.computeShader`. ## Where it lives - Source: `/zero/source/.../<Name>.component/` - Identity: `<Name>` (the `.component` suffix strips from the identity, but the folder retains the suffix on disk). - Folder shape: - `init.luau` (or `init.lua`) — declares the component. **Required.** - `README.md` — instance-level documentation. **Required.** - `.metadata` — agent-editable tags + free-form fields. **Required.** The structural contract is enforced by `asset.validate` against this type's `type.yaml`. ## How to create one Always start with the scaffold — it guarantees the folder shape matches `type.yaml` from the moment it's on disk: ```luau asset.create("component", "<Name>") -- Creates: /zero/source/<Name>.component/ -- init.luau (canonical declare + public block + hooks stubbed) -- README.md (instance README template) ``` After scaffolding, edit `init.luau` to fill in the actual fields and behaviour. The component registers as soon as the file is written — hot-reload is automatic; no engine restart required. ## How it operates 1. **Registration.** Writing `init.luau` into a `.component/` folder indexes the asset, mints a guid (in the `.meta` sidecar), and surfaces the type to the engine's component registry. Same-frame visible to `entity.component.add`. 2. **Attachment.** `entity(id).component.add(name, data)` (or the batch form `tools.use("entityOps", "addComponents", targets, { [name] = data })`) attaches an instance. The `data` table's fields override the component's declared defaults; omitted fields take the declared default. The `data` values are copied into `public.*` BEFORE `awake()` runs. 3. **Lifecycle.** The hooks run in this order: - `awake()` — same frame as attach, immediately after the data copy. Initialise state, set up native bridges, register with other systems. Other components on the same entity may not have awoken yet. - `start()` — the next frame. Every component on the entity has completed `awake()` by then, so cross-component setup is safe here. - `update(dt)` — same frame as `start()`, then every frame after, for as long as the gameplay clock is running. `fixedUpdate(dt)` runs once per physics step, straight after it, with the step's `dt`, so a frame can run it several times or not at all; `editorUpdate(dt)` runs while the clock is held. Which of them ticks is decided by `engine.mode` AND `engine.paused` together — see **Per-frame hooks and the two axes** below, and `man modes`. - `onDestroy()` — when the component is removed via `component.remove` or when the owning entity is despawned. Release resources, drop native ECS components. For the full list (`onEnable`, `onDisable`, `fixedUpdate`, `editorUpdate`, `onPropertyChanged`, `onAssetReload`, `onModuleReload`, `onBeforeSave`, …) and the timing details, **read `man components` — that is the canonical lifecycle reference. Generic component patterns (declare blocks, public fields, sync, ECS bindings, typed methods) all live there.** 4. **Public surface.** Fields declared in `public` are inspectable, editable in the inspector, and persist with the entity. Methods are declared on that same table with a colon — `typed function public:method(args)` — and every one of them takes the component ref as `self`, so a caller invokes it with a colon too: `entity(id).component.get(name):method(args)`. That is the one calling convention a component ref answers to: the reflection methods `ref:fields()` / `ref:getField(name)` / `ref:setField(name, value)` take the same spelling. A function the chunk declares at file scope (`function helper()`) is the component's own, reachable from its hooks under its bare name; `public` is what the ref carries. 5. **Settings and the Inspector card.** `type.yaml` names the component's settings schema as `settings: { schema: { instance: "init.luau", export: "public" } }`: the `public` table IS the schema, and its values live on each entity the component is on, so `asset.schema(componentRef)` answers the Field descriptors and no values file exists. On an entity the Inspector shows the component as a card whose generic `settings` section edits those fields as typed controls, each edit checked against the schema and written to the live component as one undoable operation. `type.yaml` also names `inspector: { instance: "inspector.luau" }`: a component that ships an `inspector.luau` beside its `init.luau` shapes its card — the file returns `{ sections, replace, order }` (see `assetTypes/README.md`, "`inspector:`"), each section's `build(ctx)` reading `ctx.component` (the live component) and `ctx.selection.id` (the entity). `SceneModule.component/inspector.luau` replaces `settings` with the bound module's declared inputs. 6. **Events.** An `events` block declares typed moments the component fires from inside — `events = { onHit = Event({ dmg = Field.number(0, NoSync) }) }`. The owner fires with `events.onHit:fire({ dmg = 10 })`; outside code subscribes through the proxy's subscribe-only facade, `entity(id).component.get(name).events.onHit:connect(fn)` (`:once` / `:wait` too). Pass `Sync` as the event's second argument to replicate a fire to other peers. Events let one component react to another's moments without polling. Full reference: **`man components`**, Events section. 7. **Hot reload.** Editing `init.luau` reloads the component definition; live instances are reconciled with the new declaration in-place, and each crosses one lifecycle boundary: `onDestroy()` ends the running life, then `awake()` and `start()` construct the one that replaces it, and `update()` resumes on the next frame. `public` and `private` values carry across; module-level `local`s belong to the chunk, so the new life starts with them at their initial values and its `awake`/`start` are what fill them in. Whatever the old life handed elsewhere — a subscription, a shared registration, a spawned entity — is released in `onDestroy`, the call that pairs with the construction about to run. An edit that leaves the source byte-identical crosses no boundary at all. A field carries its value across when something stated it: a key of the `data` table the instance was attached with (a scene record's data is that table), or a write made since. Every other field takes the edited source's declared default, so changing a default reaches every instance that left the field to it. An instance that states its own value for a field whose default the edit changed keeps that value, and the reload logs a `[HotReload]` warning naming the field, the entity, the value kept and both defaults. ## Discovery - `asset.list("component")` — every registered component (engine + world + libraries). - `asset.inspect("<name>")` — identity, scope, public fields, lifecycle methods, source path, and this type README. `detail` carries the component's declared `fields`, `methods`, and `events`, parsed from its source — `tools.use("assets","describe", "<name>")` renders it as markdown, so a component's events are visible without opening its source. - `ls /zero/source/<Name>.component` lists the files the folder holds. - `entity(id).component.list()` — components attached to an entity. ## Per-frame hooks and the two axes `engine.mode` (`"edit"` / `"play"`) and `engine.paused` (the gameplay clock) are independent, and the per-frame hooks read them separately: - `update(dt)` / `fixedUpdate(dt)` tick while **the gameplay clock is running** — whichever mode the engine is in. - `editorUpdate(dt)` ticks while **the clock is held** — because the mode is `edit`, or because play is paused — and also alongside `update` whenever edit is running. Which gives four states, and this table is the contract: | `engine.mode` | `engine.paused` | hooks that tick | |---|---|---| | `edit` | `true` | `editorUpdate` | | `edit` | `false` | `update`, `fixedUpdate`, `editorUpdate` | | `play` | `false` | `update`, `fixedUpdate` | | `play` | `true` | `editorUpdate` | Entering edit sets `paused = true` and entering play sets it back to `false`, so a session that never writes `engine.paused` only ever sees rows 1 and 3 — which is where the shorthand "`update` is the play tick, `editorUpdate` is the edit tick" comes from. It is the two default rows of a four-row table, not the rule. **Row 2 is the one that surprises.** With `engine.paused = false` in edit — set by hand, or by a tool that advances the gameplay clock to sample it, such as a `capture.collage` given a `duration` — `update` and `editorUpdate` both fire, once each, every frame. A component that declares both and routes them to one body therefore runs that body **twice per frame**: ```luau local function drive(dt) ... end function update(dt) drive(dt) end function editorUpdate(dt) drive(dt) end -- twice per frame in row 2 ``` Nothing reports the doubling; it reads as an animation running at twice its intended speed. To get exactly one tick per frame in every row, ask which axis you meant and answer it in the body: ```luau function update(dt) drive(dt) end function editorUpdate(dt) if engine.paused then drive(dt) end end ``` A scene `entrypoint.luau` declaring the same two hook names is dispatched by the scene loader, not by this table: there `update` needs play AND running, `editorUpdate` needs edit, and play-paused ticks neither. Read `man scenes` before carrying a component's rule to an entrypoint. ## Authoring conventions - Annotate public fields with `--!desc` so the inspector + LSP show documentation alongside the field name. - Declare lifecycle hooks (`start`, `update`, `onDestroy`) explicitly rather than relying on engine defaults — readers can see at a glance what runs when. - Keep `update(dt)` cheap — it runs every frame per instance. Move heavy work to `start`, to a `.computeShader`, or behind a job (`man jobs`). - For multi-entity batching, prefer `tools.use("entityOps", "addComponents", targets, components)` over a loop of `entity(id).component.add` — it takes many targets and many components in one call. ## Common pitfalls - **Naming.** The component identity is the folder stem with `.component` stripped (e.g. `<Spinner>.component/` → identity `Spinner`). Don't repeat the suffix in the identity passed to `component.add`. - **`init.lua` vs `init.luau`.** Either is accepted (it's a `one_of_group: "entrypoint"`), but `.luau` is canonical. Mixing both in one folder is invalid. - **`update` in edit mode.** It runs whenever the gameplay clock is running, and entering edit stops that clock — so `update` is idle in a freshly-entered edit session and ticks again the moment anything sets `engine.paused = false`. Use `tools.use("wld", "play")` to test update logic under the mode it ships in; `tools.use("wld", "edit")` to return. See **Per-frame hooks and the two axes** above. - **Renaming.** Renaming the folder changes the identity. References to the component are recorded against the component itself, so renaming or moving it does not break them. ## Related types - `.module` — pure-function library, no per-entity state. - `.service`: a declarative content generator, no per-entity state. - `.preset` — a captured component configuration, replayable into `component.add` without re-typing fields. - `.bundle` — entity hierarchies that may carry component attachments as part of the bundle. ## In the Inspector Fields: its execution order, hooks, and how many methods and events it declares, then the fields its `public` table declares as read-only typed controls holding their defaults, with **Check** and **Open** for its entry file. Instances: a link to every entity carrying it. What its card shows on an entity comes from the component's own `inspector.luau`.

# yaml.module YAML decode + encode for authored engine content. Pure Luau, no engine dependencies — a general parsing library, not data-system plumbing. ```luau local Yaml = require("@builtin::modules.yaml") local doc = Yaml.decode(vfs.read(path)) vfs.write(path, Yaml.encode(doc)) ``` ## Supported subset - Block mappings (`key: value`) and block sequences (`- item`), nested to any depth. - Compact sequence-of-mapping entries (`- path: x` / ` kind: y`). - Flow collections — `{ a: 1, b: 2 }` and `[1, 2, 3]` — single line. - Plain scalars with type inference: `~` / `null` → nil, `true` / `false` → boolean, numeric literals → number, everything else → string. - Single- and double-quoted strings (`''` escapes a literal quote inside a single-quoted string; `\n` `\t` `\r` `\\` `\"` inside a double-quoted one). A quote opens a quoted scalar where a scalar begins — after `key:`, after a `- ` entry marker, or inside a flow collection — so a plain scalar carries an apostrophe as data (`note: the world's rules`). Quoted keys are read in flow mappings. - `#` comments — honored outside quotes, so a `#` inside a quoted string is kept as data. - Literal (`|`) and folded (`>`) block scalars, with a chomping indicator (`-` strips the final newline, `+` keeps every trailing blank line, none keeps one newline) and an indentation indicator (`1`-`9`: the content's indent past the parent's), in either order (`|-`, `>+`, `|2`, `>1-`). A block scalar's content is literal text: quotes (balanced or not), `#`, `key: value` and `---` inside it are data. - An optional leading `---` document marker. ## Loud-error contract Constructs outside the subset above raise instead of misparsing: anchors/aliases (`&`, `*`), tags (`!`), directives (`%`), multi-document streams (a second `---`), a block-scalar header it cannot read (`|x`, `|-+`, `|0`), tab indentation, and inconsistent indentation (both block structure and block-scalar bodies). Every error carries the offending line number (`yaml: line N: ...`), so a bad config points straight at the line to fix. Tab indentation is rejected everywhere — including block-scalar body lines whose leading whitespace contains a tab. A tab after the first non-space character of a line is content and passes through. ## API - `Yaml.decode(text: string): any` — decode a YAML document into a Luau value (table, scalar, or nil for an empty document). Raises on malformed input or an unsupported construct. - `Yaml.decodeWithComments(text: string): (any, boolean)` — decode as `decode` does, and report whether the text carries a comment by the decoder's own rule: a `#` at a line's start or after whitespace, outside a quoted scalar and outside a block scalar. Re-encoding the value drops such comments, so an editor that writes a document back reads this first. - `Yaml.encode(value: table): string` — encode a Luau table as YAML (block style, two-space indent, alphabetically sorted keys). Raises on values YAML can't represent (functions, userdata, non-string mapping keys). A top-level empty table encodes to an empty document, which decodes back to `nil` (the YAML empty-document ambiguity).

# scene_instantiable (module) The instantiation contract's shared implementation. An asset type opts into scene instantiation by defining `instantiate(self, target?, opts?)` on its behaviour `ref` table; this module carries the parts that mean the same thing for every type, so a caller writes ONE piece of code against all of them. ```lua local root, idMap = ref:instantiate(target?, opts?) ``` ## The contract **IN — the base opts.** `target` is an owning entity ref: the instance lands under (or, for a hierarchy type like a bundle, onto) that owner. With no target the type spawns a fresh root. `position`, `rotation`, `scale`, `name` and `temporary` place that root and mean the same for every type. `rotation` takes three numbers as pitch/yaw/roll in DEGREES, or four as a quaternion. A type may honour more opts of its own — `params` for a type built from declared inputs, `idMap` / `diff` / `sourceTag` for the bundle override contract — and says so in its own `instantiate` docs. **OUT — the two returned values.** Every type returns the same pair: - **`root`** — the composed root, as an `EntityRef`. Composition is **synchronous**: the root and everything the type built under it are live the moment the call returns, so a caller can parent to it, read its components and hand it on in the same statement. There is no frame to wait for and no callback. - **`idMap`** — the `originalId -> runtimeId` map naming what the composition spawned, `{}` for a type with no addressable children. **Never nil.** A component that re-composes the asset on every load (`Asset`) keeps this map and passes it back in, which is how a cross-entity reference into the composition — `SkinnedModel.skeletonRoot` pointing at a bone — survives a reload. The return is enforced, not merely described: `AssetRef` dispatches every `ref:instantiate(...)` through `result` on the way out, whether or not the type called it. A type that returns something else fails at its own call rather than handing its caller a nil root or a map that is sometimes absent. ## Exports - `M.root(self, target?, opts?) -> root` — stand the root entity for a type that spawns one: parented to `target`, born temporary when `opts.temporary`, named `opts.name` else the asset's own name, placed. - `M.place(root, opts?) -> root` — apply the placement opts to a root the type already has (the adopt path: a bundle exploding onto its target, a sceneModule reconciling under one). - `M.result(self, root, idMap?) -> (root, idMap)` — return through the contract. Checks `root` is a live entity ref, normalises a missing map to `{}`, and errors naming the asset type when either is something else. - `M.isOwned(opts?) -> boolean` — whether a component drives this call. The `Asset` / `SceneModule` components tag their own calls with `sourceTag`; they hold the reference and re-compose on every load. An untagged call came straight from `ref:instantiate(...)` and has no such owner. - `M.own(root, self, idMap?) -> root` — hand an already-composed root to an `Asset` component pointing at `self`, so the reference and its map persist and the composition is rebuilt on the next load. The component adopts the live composition rather than building a second one. - `M.check(value, constraint) -> ok, reason?` — the `sceneInstantiable` field-constraint validator, also registered under that kind on load. ## The field constraint `Field.instantiableRef` emits `constraint = { kind = "sceneInstantiable" }`, and this module registers the validator for it on load. Given a written value: 1. `nil` passes — the field is optional (no asset assigned). 2. Reads the value's identity — a bare string, or a table's `__ref` / `guid` / `identity` / `name`. 3. Resolves it (`asset.resolve(identity)` — any category) and asks the resolved ref `ref:canInstantiate()`: true iff the asset's type defines an `instantiate` method. This is what lets `Field.instantiableRef` accept by CAPABILITY rather than a hardcoded type list — a new scene-instantiable asset type is accepted the moment it defines the hook, with no edit to the field or its consumers.

# frame_budget The share of a frame that cooperative engine work spends before it hands the frame back. Some engine work is one long sequence of small units run on a task: a scene load applies one record after another, and the world-load `onRegister` sweep fires one instance's hook after another. Run back to back in one frame, a long sequence holds that frame for its whole length, and nothing else the engine does (answering a call, drawing, input) happens until it is through. Asking `due()` before each unit and yielding when it answers true runs the same work across as many frames as it needs, a slice of each. ```luau local FrameBudget = require("@builtin::modules.frame_budget") for _, item in ipairs(items) do FrameBudget.yield() process(item) end ``` - **One slice per frame, shared.** Each caller is charged the time it runs between its readings of the slice in a frame (`task.runTime`), whoever runs it, and the charges of every caller add up to the frame's slice. What the rest of the frame runs (systems, components, other tasks) is not charged, so a busy frame still gives the slice to the work. Two long pieces of work running at once share a frame's slice rather than taking one each. - **A unit is never split.** The first unit of a frame always runs, so a frame holds at most the slice plus the one unit that crossed it. A unit that is itself long stays one piece of work. - **Code that cannot yield runs in its frame.** `due()` answers false outside a coroutine that can yield, so a caller called from such code does all its units in the frame it was called in, as it would without the budget. A caller that does work of its own around the yield asks `due()` and calls `wait()`, which yields to the next frame and opens that frame's slice as the caller resumes; `yield()` is the two together. Work whose unit is a native call that bounds itself by time is told how long it may run: `remainingMs()` answers what is left of the current frame's slice, or nil for code that cannot yield, which then runs the whole of its work in the frame it was called in. The publish gate's script check runs this way: ```luau local block, checking = __spacetime_vcs.scriptPublishBlock(FrameBudget.remainingMs()) while checking do FrameBudget.wait() block, checking = __spacetime_vcs.scriptPublishBlock(FrameBudget.remainingMs()) end ``` ## The background lane Some work is started early so it is ready when asked for, and no picture waits on it, such as the search text an editor reads ahead of the first `tools.search`. `background(fn)` runs `fn` on the background lane: every `yield`, `due` and `wait` its work makes on that coroutine hands the frame back for as long as a hold on the lane stands, and takes its slice as usual once none does. ```luau FrameBudget.background(function() for _, path in ipairs(paths) do FrameBudget.yield() warm(path) end end) ``` Work the picture waits on holds the lane while it runs: `holdBackground(key)` until `releaseBackground(key)`. A world's entry holds it under `"world entry"` from the moment the world is ready (its `onRegister` sweep) until its `onWorldLoad` has returned, so the frames of the entry carry the world's load and the background work runs in the frames before and after it. A hold no one releases lapses after `BACKGROUND_HOLD_SECONDS` (or the seconds it was taken for), with a warning naming its key, so work on the lane always runs in the end. `backgroundHolds()` lists the keys holding the lane now, and `backgroundWaits()` answers whether the calling code's next unit waits for it (a walk with a clock of its own asks it between its pieces). `FrameBudget.DEFAULT_MS` is the slice a call that names none spends. `spent()` answers how much of the current frame's slice is gone. A caller with a budget of its own reads `mark()` where its work starts. `ranMs(mark)` answers how long it has run since, none of the time it spent suspended; `cpuMs(mark)` answers the CPU time of its work since: those stretches and the stretches of every coroutine it resumes, and every one they resume, while it waits on them, which a machine whose cores are taken by other work does not stretch, so a bound that refuses work for running too long refuses the same work on a loaded machine as on an idle one, and work handed to a coroutine as work run in place. A task it starts and waits for runs while it is suspended, which `cpuMs` does not count.

# preview Render an asset's preview in the preview studio: an isolated camera, lit only by its own three-point rig, over a neutral backdrop, that nothing in the scene reaches. `ref:preview()` renders any asset by the recipe its type declares under `preview:` in its `type.yaml`, and these are the primitives it calls: they spawn temporary entities, frame an offscreen camera over them, render one frame, read it back as a PNG, and tear the entities down. ## Surface - `preview.fromEntities(makeFn, opts?) -> PreviewResult` — run `makeFn` to instantiate entities, frame a camera to their bounds, render one offscreen frame, and return the still PNG. - `preview.fromRecipe(ref, recipe, opts?) -> PreviewResult` — render `ref` by a declared recipe: `instantiate` stands it through its own `instantiate`, `surface` paints the material its type's `ref.previewMaterial` returns on the recipe's mesh, and `image` fits a file the asset holds to the frame on the studio backdrop without rendering anything. - `preview.backdrop() -> { r, g, b }` — the studio backdrop's colour in a finished preview, 0-255. `PreviewResult` is `{ available, imageBase64?, rendered?, width?, height?, bounds?, stats?, reason? }` — `imageBase64` is the rendered PNG when `available` is true, and `reason` explains why when it is false. `opts` is `{ size? = { width, height }, angle? = { yaw, pitch } }`. A preview pictures its whole subject, however many entities it composes. While the subject settles, its bounds are measured each frame by walking it in Luau for up to `opts.entityBudget` entities (default 2000); a subject composing more is measured by the capture framing alone, which reads each root's hierarchy bounds from the engine. ## Example local result = asset.resolve("gold", "material"):preview({ size = { width = 512, height = 512 } }) -- result.imageBase64 holds the rendered PNG (base64)

# editorSelection Named selection scopes for the editor. A scope is an independently tracked, ordered set of typed refs plus a primary (the last ref added or clicked). Distinct scopes never clobber each other, so viewport, outliner, inspector and asset browser share one answer to "what is selected" per kind. A ref is `{ kind: string, id: string }` — a stable id, never a display string, so rename/move never invalidates a selection. ## Exports - `M.scope(name) -> Scope` — get/create a named scope handle. - `M.set(scope, refs)` — replace refs in order; primary becomes the last. - `M.get(scope) -> { Ref }` — refs in click order (fresh array). - `M.primary(scope) -> Ref?` — last-clicked ref, or nil. - `M.clear(scope)` — empty a scope. - `M.toggle(scope, ref)` — add if absent, remove if present. - `M.add(scope, refs)` — add each ref not already present; primary becomes the last added. - `M.remove(scope, refs)` — remove each of `refs`; primary becomes the last remaining or nil. - `M.contains(scope, ref) -> boolean` — membership by `(kind, id)`. - `M.count(scope) -> number` — the scope's selection size. - `M.subscribe(scope, fn) -> handle` / `M.unsubscribe(scope, handle) -> boolean`. - `M.context() -> { scope, refs, primary }` — last-focused scope, for command ctx. ## Usage ```luau local Selection = require("@builtin::modules.api.editor.selection") local scope = Selection.scope("entity") Selection.set(scope, { { kind = "entity", id = "player_1" } }) Selection.subscribe(scope, function() refreshInspector() end) ``` ## Notes - State lives in a fixed `_G` slot, seeded pre-seal by the boot chain (`prelude.luau`); it survives hot-reload and edit↔play flips. Mutations after boot write into nested tables only. - `set` / `toggle` / `clear` mark their scope as last-focused, which drives `context()` and therefore which scope commands act on. - The service holds the editor's selection state in Luau. Refs handed back by `get` / `primary` / `context` are copies, so a caller can hold or mutate them without touching internal state.

# assetType runtime The machinery that reads a `<typename>.assetType/behavior.luau` and turns its declarations into live behaviour. A `behavior.luau` is a table of declarations — `ref` methods, `modules` shared code, an `events` schema, a `namePattern`, `refShapes`, and the `onCreate` / `onRegister` / `onChange` / `onDelete` / `validate` / `settingsDefaults` / `settingsCorrections` hooks. None of it runs itself. This is the code that runs it, and it lives here because reading a type's declarations is the **assetType type's own behaviour** — the same way `material.assetType` owns what a `.material` does. ## Sub-modules | Module | Reads | Responsibility | |---|---|---| | `ref.module` | `ref`, `modules` | Builds every `AssetRef` envelope, attaches the shared metatable, and dispatches per-type methods and shared modules onto it. Also owns edit-mode write-behind persistence. | | `create.module` | `onCreate`, `namePattern`, `validate` | Backs `asset.create`: resolves the type, checks the name against its pattern, runs `onCreate` (or clones `template/`), and writes the instance. `validate.module` beside it checks a creation `opts` table against the type's `createSchema`. Before running `onCreate`, resolves the type's settings chain (below) and hands the result to the hook as `opts.settings`. | | `settings.module` | `settings`, `settingsDefaults`, `settingsCorrections` | A type's declared settings schema and where its values live (`type.yaml`'s `settings:` block). `Settings.resolveForCreate` layers the schema's own defaults, the type's own `settingsDefaults(name, opts, asked)` hook (a DEFAULT the schema can't express — a name-derived convention, a fact read off a payload the caller handed it, a value following a field `asked` shows a higher layer naming; any later layer overrides it), the Preset Manager, an importer's settings, the caller's `settings` table, then the type's own `settingsCorrections(values, name, opts)` hook (a CROSS-FIELD CONSTRAINT the schema can't express, applied last over the fully merged values). A correction over a default/preset/importer value lands silently; a correction that would override what the caller's own `settings` table explicitly asked for refuses the creation instead, naming the field and why. Neither hook is ever handed a table to mutate; each returns what it wants changed (`settingsCorrections` may also return a `{ [field]: reason }` table for that refusal message). `Settings.cloneValues` deep-copies a values table — `create.module` hands `onCreate` a copy, never the table it stamps. `Settings.valuesOf` / `writeValues` read and write an asset's own values file. | | `typeYaml.module` | `type.yaml` | The folder a type lives in and its parsed `type.yaml`, decoded once per content version of the file. `settings.module` and `inspector.module` read their blocks through it. `about` / `aboutAt` read a type's `about.yaml` (`intent`, `function`, `usage`), leaving out any key that is empty or still starts with `[[describe]]`; `aboutRows` and `aboutMarkdown` lay the texts out for the Inspector and the `types/<name>` guide. | | `inspector.module` | `type.yaml`'s `inspector:` block | Which inspector a type declares for its assets (`inspector: { type: ... }` or `{ instance: ... }`), and the declaration that file returns — the sections it adds, the generic ones it replaces, and their order — or the problem that kept it from loading. | | `onRegister.module` | `onRegister` | Fires an instance's once-only registration hook — on arrival, on world load, and for `@builtin` library instances. | | `changeDispatch.module` | `onChange`, `onDelete`, `refShapes` | Routes a VFS source write or a folder delete to the enclosing typed asset's type hooks. | | `refShapes.module` | `refShapes`, `ref` | Publishes what every `AssetRef<category>` answers to, so a member read on an asset-typed value is checked against that category's real surface. | | `events.module` | `events` | The per-asset event runtime behind `ref.events`. | | `instantiable.module` | `ref.instantiate` | The instantiation contract an asset type opts into: `root` stands the root entity, `place` applies the base placement opts to one the type adopted, and `result` shapes the `(root, idMap)` every `instantiate` returns. Also registers the `sceneInstantiable` field-constraint validator. | | `declaration.module` | `type.yaml` | The type's decoded declaration, read once and held until a write inside an `.assetType` folder; what every question about a type as a whole reads. | | `previewRecipe.module` | `type.yaml` `preview:` | How an instance's `preview.png` is produced: which of the four recipes (`instantiate`, `image`, `surface`, `custom`) the type declares, and what that recipe needs. | ## Reaching it ```luau local rt = require("@builtin::assetTypes.assetType.shared") rt.ref.loadTypeBehavior("material") ``` Fields resolve lazily. The prelude requires the sub-modules directly, in dependency order (`ref`, then `changeDispatch`, `onRegister.install()`, `refShapes.install()`) — a table that required all six on load would take that ordering away from it.

# tool (asset type) A tool is one named operation: a single luau `typed function` inside a toolboxe's `<name>.tool` asset, callable as `<toolbox>.<tool>`. The function's signature is the tool's interface, so anyone can call it correctly without reading its code. A tool is also a shell command, `zero <toolbox> <tool> <args>`; `guides core/tools`, "A tool's command line", covers its flags, paths, `render.luau` and exit status. Each tool has a declared input shape and return shape; the engine wraps each call's result in an envelope. ## Why use a tool? Tools are typed operations with a known serialized output format, made to enable efficient operation in the engine and provide an easily callable interface for operations around a topic. They are also useful in that they can be called from a multitude of surfaces, from `execute`, to `bash` to `tool_exec` to users Tools portion in the edui. Compared to say a `module.assetType`, that might contain multiple functions with varying shapes, experct references or specific formats of tables as input and could return potentially anyting including flat tables. that has multiple callable functionm in that they might return anything a tool is meant to be called with a serialized value, and return a serialized value. A tool is meant to perform an self contained operation and return results/info/relevant data in a readable format, including eg. image data. Whenever you identify an operation that requires specific orchestration and or is something that could be a repeated operation and makes it easier to manage the project/task or when you want to expose logic written in `luau` to the other call surfaces like `bash` under its `zero` command, it propably should be a `<name>.tool` asset. ## How tools are written In its simplicity, a tool is a single Typed luau function that returns a value. written plainly, in its basic form it could look like this. ```luau -- probe.toolbox/onCall.tool -- -- Fire when a named function runs, seeing its arguments and what it returned. --- A toolbox offered shared module, that in this case,contains a type shared by the tools in their toolbox. local shared = require(".shared") local M = {} export type OnCallResult = { ok: boolean, id: string?, result: string?, error: string?, } --!desc example tool --!arg path target path for the operation --!arg opts `{ notice, when?, run?, capture?, label?, limit?, cooldown?, freeze?, silent? }`. -- `capture` is Luau, compiled against the hit's context the way `run` -- is, that returns a picture for the hit — a capture tool you aim: -- `return tools.use("capture", "fromEntity", { entity = entity })`. It -- runs once the hit is recorded, and the hit's notice then carries the -- picture under `shot`, delivered as a picture. --!return `{ ok, id, result }`. --!example "arg1", arg2 typed function M.gatherResults(path: string, opts: shared.ArmOpts): OnCallResult local modulePath, key = splitPath(path) --- the tool code implementation local results = myCodeResults --- the tool call returns a table with keys, that is then wrapped in a return envelope. return { ok = true, id = results.id, result = results.gathered } end return M ``` Now when called, the tool runs and returns the envelope with the inspectable results. ## Why return plainly, and fail by raising Every caller gets a tool's outcome in the same form, success or failure, so return the value itself and raise an error when the tool can't do its job. A tool that returns its own `{ ok = false }` reads as a success that happened to return that table. Make the error say what to do instead: the caller reads it and acts on it. ## What the shell prints `zero <toolbox> <tool>` prints the text the tool's `render.luau` states: a module in the tool's folder returning one function `(result) -> string | { out, err?, exit? }`. A returned string is the output, and `{ out, err?, exit? }` sets the output, the standard error text and the exit status. A call that raises exits 1, and a command line the shell cannot bind to the tool's parameters exits 2. ## When to answer later instead of blocking A caller waits for the tool to return, and might be calling multiple tools at the same time. Should your call run past the waiting threshold in order to return, even if it yields it comes back as a handle to a background task that will then complete on its own, but require the caller to separately read the task results. For a call that is small, answering inline with the result is better. When a tool can tell that this particular call will be long (a big bake, a large batch, a slow fetch), it hands itself to the background with `task.background()` early, so the caller gets the handle at once and carries on with other work. ## When to post a notice The return value is the answer to what was asked. A notice is for what the caller needs to know besides that: a side effect it didn't ask for, a return to one that has no caller, notices should be treated as a way to make sure your tool can return quickly, when you arent sure how long it takes for the results to be ready. It allows the agent to continue working, and then react when the notice fires. `notices.post` delivers it to the caller, and an agent that is idle is woken by it, so the caller learns it without polling. Name in it what to do about it. A notice for something the return value already says is noise. ## Returning more than text Tools also support returning images, that the agent can then directly read from the tool response, regardles of what surface they used to call the tool. Images also work on notices, so you can eg attach visual results to the eventual outcomes of your tool results and the agent will see them the second the notice fires. ## What a tool may do that other code may not A tool, and code only tools call, may act on whatever an input names, resolving an asset by a name that only arrives with the call. That is what makes a tool the place for operations that depend on what they are given. Tools are for working on a world rather than running in the game: a component may not call one unless it declares `declare { componentSafe = true }`, and a tool doesn't call another tool, so logic several tools need goes in the toolbox's shared module or exist elsewhere. For information how to group tools and organize them, and how they are called read `toolbox.assetType` readme. ## In the Inspector Tool: how the tool is called (its signature), what it does, each argument, what it returns, and its examples, with **Open** for its source.

# shared Cross-tool helpers for the [name] toolbox. Every tool inside the toolbox can pull these in with `require(".shared")`. Holds the small set of helpers that more than one tool needs: toolbox-wide parsers, validators, formatters or shared state. Per-tool implementation stays inside each `<x>.tool/init.luau`. ## Usage ```luau local shared = require(".shared") typed function M.someTool(id: string): { id: string } return { id = shared.normalizeId(id) } end ``` A tool returns its value, and `error(message)` fails it. The text `zero [name] <tool>` prints, the error text and the exit status are set by the tool's `render.luau`. ## Notes - Keep helpers pure where possible: no engine calls, no state, so they are safe to call from any context. - Per-tool implementations own their own `--!desc` / `--!arg` / `--!return` / `--!example` annotations.

# shared Module Cross-tool helpers for the `capture` toolbox. Every tool inside this toolbox can pull these in with `require(".shared")`. ## Purpose This module holds the small set of helpers that more than one tool in the toolbox needs — typically the `ok(value, formatted?)` / `fail(message, exitCode?)` constructors that produce the canonical `captureToolResult` shape, plus any toolbox-wide parsers, validators, or shared state. Keep it focused: per-tool implementation stays inside each `<x>.tool/init.luau` (with its own `--!desc` / `--!arg` / `--!return` / `--!example` annotations). ## Usage ```luau local shared = require(".shared") function M.someTool(...) if not ok then return shared.fail("reason", 1) end return shared.ok(value, "") end ``` ## Exports See `init.luau` for the full export surface. Typical exports include `shared.ok(value, formatted?)` and `shared.fail(message, exitCode?)` for building the toolbox's standard result envelope.

# Generator A live procedural generator: it binds a `.procGraph`, plays the graph's timeline and stands each of the graph's outputs in the scene as children of the entity it is on. Change a param and the output is made again in place; in edit and in play alike, nothing it makes is written to the world's source. ```lua local graph = asset.create("procGraph", "crate") -- a box with a `size` input; edit its init.luau local e = entity.spawn("crate") e.component.add("Generator", { graph = graph }) e.component.get("Generator").params = { size = 2 } ``` ## Fields | Field | What it does | |---|---| | `graph` | The `.procGraph` it plays. | | `params` | Overrides for the graph's declared inputs, by name. | | `output` | One declared output to stand; empty, the default, stands every output, one root each. | | `playOn` | What starts its clock in play mode: `"auto"` (default) plays a timeline with no end as soon as it binds and holds any other on its first frame; `"load"` plays on bind; `"manual"` waits for `play()`. In edit mode a Generator is not set to play, whatever `playOn` says: it shows the frame it is on until it is played. | | `ending` | `"graph"` (default) does what the timeline declares; `"loop"` plays the range round and round; `"hold"` plays it once and stays on its last frame. | | `speed` | How fast its clock runs: 1 its own rate, 0 still, negative plays a timeline with an end backwards. | | `diskCache` | Whether the outputs the graph caches load from, and are written to, the world's disk cache. On by default. | | `cookBudgetMs` | Milliseconds of cook work a frame before a cook yields to the next frame. 5 by default. | ## Methods `play()`, `pause()`, `seek(seconds)`, `seekFrame(frame)`, `loop()`, `hold()`, `setFps(fps)`, `setRange(first, last)` and `setWallTime(on)` drive its clock, on every peer. `getFrame()`, `getTime()`, `describeGraph()` and `playback()` read it; `playback()` also says what running the graph costs and how each output is drawn. `cancelCook()` stops a cook in flight and leaves the last output standing. `apply()` swaps the generator for the asset it makes: the frame being presented becomes a bundle, and an `Asset` component standing it takes the Generator's place. The `onFinished` event fires when a range played once reaches its end. A timeline that runs in real time (`realTime = true`) has an end when its graph states `frames` beside it (`g:timeline({ realTime = true, fps = 60, frames = 180 })`) or when `setRange` gives it one; with neither it runs on and never finishes. When the playhead of one with an end reaches its last frame, `ending` applies as it does to any timeline: `"graph"` loops where the graph declares `loop` and otherwise holds on the last frame and fires `onFinished` once; `"loop"` plays it again from the start, a fresh simulation each time, without firing it; `"hold"` stays on the last frame. `play()` plays a held one again from its start. `playback().ends` is whether the timeline has an end, and `last` is its last frame. A real-time timeline begins again, by `seek(0)`, a loop or `play()`, in the runs its solvers hold on the device: a restart costs a rewrite like any other present, and opens no cook. ## Under an effect An effect's play runs each graph of its entry on a Generator, a child of the play's entity. `effectRef:play(entry, opts)` and the `Effect` component make them and drive their clocks together, so a shot, an impact or a cast is a play of an effect (`guides { path = "systems/effects/documentation/visual-effects" }`). The play's own `playback()` adds its Generators' costs together. Every play of one graph with the same params plays the frames the first one cooked. A Generator of a graph with `playOn = "manual"` cooks every frame of the timeline while it waits, and `playback().cookedThrough` reaching `playback().last` says every frame is cooked. ## Related - `guides { path = "systems/procgen/documentation/procgen" }`: graphs, ops, timelines, effects and the live generator in full. - The `procgen` toolbox: `spawn`, `adjust`, `apply`, `generators`, `cooks`, `frames` and `onPresent` work on generators by entity, and `play` plays a graph on the preview stage.

# areaLights system Lights that emit from a surface rather than from a point. Every screen, neon sign, glowing window, ceiling panel and lantern face is an area emitter. Standing a point light in the middle of one gets the brightness roughly right and the character completely wrong: a point puts a pinpoint reflection on the floor and a radial falloff on the wall, where the real thing puts the shape of the emitter and a falloff that follows its extent. ## Using it An emitter that should follow an entity's face is a component: ```lua local id = entity.spawn("tv").id entity(id).component.add("SurfaceLight", { width = 2.0, height = 1.2, face = "front", -- front | back | up | down | left | right intensity = 6.0, range = 12, }) ``` The rectangle turns with the entity, so a tilted screen lights the direction it actually points. Every field is live, and an `intensity` of 0 removes the light. For code placing emitters directly: ```lua local surfaceLight = require("@builtin::systems.areaLights.surfaceLight") surfaceLight.set("strip", { position = { 0, 5, -12 }, right = { 1, 0, 0 }, up = { 0, 1, 0 }, width = 0.6, height = 7, color = { 1, 0.72, 0.35 }, intensity = 5, }) surfaceLight.remove("strip") surfaceLight.configure({ diffuse = 1, specular = 0.5 }) surfaceLight.clear() ``` ## What the knobs do | field | effect | |---|---| | `width` / `height` | Size of the emitting rectangle, world units. The shape of the light is the shape of this. | | `face` | Which way the entity emits. | | `range` | How far the light carries, with a smooth cutoff at the end. | | `intensity` | Brightness. 0 removes the light. | | `colorR` / `colorG` / `colorB` | Emitter colour. | | `offset` | Distance the rectangle sits proud of the entity's origin, along the face's normal. | | `diffuse` / `specular` | Scales on the two terms — the wash across a surface, and the reflected shape of the emitter. | Shape is the point. A wide panel puts a broad pool on the floor; a narrow strip puts a narrow elongated one. That difference is not reachable with a point light at any brightness. At most 32 emitters are held at once, because the shader loops every light for every pixel. ## How it renders `areaLighting.renderFeature` runs one compute pass after lighting. Diffuse is the exact irradiance of the quad — Lambert's formula over its four edges — which matters where a point approximation fails hardest: a wide emitter close to a wall. Specular uses the representative point on the rectangle nearest the reflection ray, with the lobe widened to cover the emitter's solid angle and its peak scaled down to match, so a large emitter reads broader rather than brighter. ## Files ``` areaLights.package/ SurfaceLight.component/ -- an emitter on an entity's face surfaceLight.module/ -- the emitter registry and scales areaLighting.renderFeature/ -- the compute pass ```

# ambientOcclusion system Screen-space ambient occlusion — the contact darkening in corners, creases and where objects meet. Without it, every concave region is lit exactly like a flat one: a box resting on a floor has no seam, a corner is as bright as the wall, and an untextured scene reads as plastic. Occlusion is the cheapest shading cue there is per millisecond, because it needs no extra geometry pass — only the depth and normal the frame already produced. Three techniques are shipped. All three answer the same question — what fraction of the hemisphere above this pixel is visible — and all three cost the same taps to answer it. ## Using it The scene's occlusion is a component — author it once and it persists with the scene: ```lua local id = entity.spawn("ambient_occlusion").id entity(id).component.add("AmbientOcclusion", { technique = "gtao", -- ssao | hbao | gtao intensity = 0.9, -- how far the darkening goes, 0..1 radius = 1.5, -- world-space reach quality = "high", -- low | medium | high | ultra }) ``` Every field is live: edit one in the inspector and the shading follows. Setting `intensity` to 0 turns it off without losing the rest. For code that adjusts occlusion at runtime — a quality slider, a cutscene — reach for the module directly (same options, no component): ```lua local ao = require("@builtin::systems.ambientOcclusion.ao") ao.set({ technique = "hbao", intensity = 0.9 }) -- any subset; the rest is kept ao.get() -- the settings in force ao.techniques() -- the three, each with what it does ao.qualityLevels() -- the sampling shape each level costs ao.active() -- is the pass running ao.clear() -- off, settings kept ``` ## The three techniques | technique | what it measures | |---|---| | `ssao` | Taps scattered over a disk, each weighed on its own: how far the neighbour rises above the tangent plane, over how far away it is. | | `hbao` | One horizon per direction — a ray marched outward until it finds the steepest thing along it — averaged as sines. | | `gtao` | The cosine-weighted arc between the two horizons of a slice, in closed form. This is the visibility the other two estimate. | They are scaled to agree. A point in a right-angle corner sees exactly half the hemisphere, and each technique is normalised so it reads that corner as half: | technique | flat plane | right-angle corner | occlusion | |---|---|---|---| | `ssao` | 1.000 | 0.566 | 0.434 | | `hbao` | 1.000 | 0.592 | 0.408 | | `gtao` | 1.000 | 0.594 | 0.406 | That is what lets `intensity` mean the same thing whichever technique is selected, so switching one for another changes how the estimate is made rather than how dark the scene gets. ## What the knobs do | field | effect | |---|---| | `technique` | Which estimator runs: `ssao` \| `hbao` \| `gtao`. | | `intensity` | How far the darkening goes, in [0, 1]. 0 turns it off and releases the pass. | | `radius` | World-space reach — roughly "how big is a crease worth darkening". Constant in world space, so it does not swell as the camera approaches. | | `power` | Contrast curve on the visibility term. Above 1 deepens the dark end. | | `thickness` | World-space thickness assumed for an occluder, so a thin foreground object stops occluding everything behind it out to the full radius. | | `bias` | How far a neighbour must rise above the surface before it counts as an occluder rather than as the surface itself, in [0, 1]. Raise it if a flat surface shades itself in patches; lower it if fine creases disappear. | | `quality` | Sampling shape. See the table below. | | quality | slices × steps | taps per pixel | resolution | |---|---|---|---| | `low` | 2 × 3 | 12 | half | | `medium` | 3 × 4 | 24 | half | | `high` | 4 × 6 | 48 | full | | `ultra` | 6 × 8 | 96 | full | Every technique spends the same budget: `slices × steps × 2` taps. `gtao` walks each slice both ways, `hbao` treats each of the two directions as its own ray, and `ssao` takes that many independent taps of the disk. The lower two levels compute occlusion on a half-resolution grid — a quarter of the pixels, each still costing its level's taps. Occlusion is low-frequency almost everywhere, and the filter that removes the sampling noise lifts the coarse grid back to the frame in the same pass, weighting each texel by the depth where it sits so silhouettes survive the upsample. What a half-resolution grid loses is the innermost pixel of a sharp crease; everything wider than a couple of pixels comes back the same. ## How it renders One compute pass after lighting writes the per-pixel visibility, a second filters it and multiplies it into the frame, and a blit puts the result on screen. The filter is depth-aware: a plain blur would bleed occlusion across silhouettes, so each tap is weighted by how close its depth is to the centre pixel's. Every technique jitters its sampling by a per-pixel offset, which trades banding for noise; the filter is the half of that trade that removes the noise. Depth, normal and camera come from the render target being drawn (`@scene.depth`, `@scene.normal`, `@frame.camera`), so the result is correct in offscreen captures and render-to-texture cameras at their own resolutions, not only the live viewport. Sky pixels are passed through — there is no surface to occlude. The normal buffer is the deferred G-buffer, so this needs the deferred path (the default). ## Seeing the occlusion on its own While occlusion is running, `ambientOcclusion` is a capture view: the filtered visibility with no scene colour, white where the hemisphere is open and dark where it is closed. ``` capture { pass = "ambientOcclusion" } ``` It is the fastest way to tell a shading problem from an occlusion one, and to compare two techniques or two `radius` values without the lighting in the way. ## Files ``` ambientOcclusion.package/ AmbientOcclusion.component/ -- the scene's occlusion, authored and persisted ao.module/ -- ao.set / .get / .techniques / .qualityLevels / .active / .clear aoShared.module/ -- the prelude, filter and passes the techniques share ssao.renderFeature/ -- taps weighed on their own hbao.renderFeature/ -- one horizon per direction gtao.renderFeature/ -- the arc between two horizons ```